Billions of years ago, the universe and everything within it exploded into being. The creation of the Universe is the single paramount event from which all other events precipitate. That it happened is obvious. Understanding how it happened is our ultimate quest. As human beings, we ponder the origins of the universe and of mankind.
On the smallest scale, the cosmos reveals to us a universe of quanta particles; on the largest, a universe filled with galaxies, stars, planets, life, and intelligence. The progression is infinite.
Are we then to believe we our alone in the vastness of creation, or perhaps even the crown of it? Is it so inconceivable to imagine that others have progressed beyond our current level of technological and spiritual means?
If you feel the answer is no, or if you have ever spent a minute wondering how the world we live in, a world full of marvellous inventions and items of amazing complexity, came to be at the stage it is at today, then maybe the contents of this site may help make sense of the scenario we find ourselves in.
Most non-scientists seem to be quite confused about precise definitions of biological evolution. Such confusion is due in large part to the inability of scientists to communicate effectively to the general public and also the confusion among scientists themselves about how to define such an important term. When referring to the existence of evolution it is important to have a clear definition in mind. What exactly do biologists mean when they say that they have observed evolution or that humans and chimps have evolved from a common ancestor, when it is common knowledge that there is a missing link? There does not appear to be an intermediately. Fossils have been either ape or man?
One of the most respected evolutionary biologists has defined biological evolution as follows:
In the broadest sense, evolution is merely change, and encompasses all; galaxies, languages, and political systems all evolve. Biological evolution is change in the properties of populations of organisms that transcend the lifetime of a single individual. The changes in populations that are considered evolutionary are those that are inheritable via the genetic material from one generation to the next.
But the fact is scientists are still confused how man got to where he is today in view of the fact that we have absolutely no evidence whatsoever of the, so called, 'missing link' between primate and man. A process that should have taken millions of years occurred, it appears, almost overnight! All of a sudden we stood up and showed a remarkable level of intelligence that set us apart from all the other animals. Then in no time at all the Sumerians, Mayans, Incas and Egyptians were all displaying knowledge that was way, way ahead of their time. So if we fail to actually find an intermediately then what does that point to? If indeed all fossils are either ape or man then the biological evolution theory detailed above goes out of the window. Scientists would like an explanation to prove that the logical process was adhered to, and, well they have tried to find this link. I will go on to describe what indeed they have come up with and why, today, there is still no definitive answer to this riddle.
There have been various family trees of man, disagreeing and conflicting with one another.
At the base of just about every family tree of man was Ramapithecus. However, because of several dramatic discoveries since 1972, we'll have to leave Ramapithecus until last.
Let's start in the 1920's with the triple blunder: Nebraska Man, Piltdown Man, and Neanderthal Man. In 1925, humanity's very existence depended on these three gentlemen; the first American, the first Englishman, and the first European. Let's see what became of them.
Nebraska Man
In 1922 someone found an unusual molar tooth in Nebraska. The eminent Professor Henry Osborn, then of the Natural History Museum in New York, firmly declared that this tooth must have belonged to a creature half-ape and half-man. Many specialists and scientists agreed. And so there he was. And America was proud to have a 100% all-American ape-man.
Nebraska Man lasted a total of five years. In 1927, Further discoveries proved that the unusual tooth on which Nebraska Man had been built, that tooth was proved to have come, not from an ape-man but from a peccary, a sort of wild pig. Professor Osborn's ape-man was a Pig! Such is the fantasy world of evolution.
Neanderthal Man
He was supposed to be a little better than the Chimpanzee; small brain capacity, walking stooped forward with knees bent, hairy, animalistic, and very disagreeable.
The mistake about brain capacity was corrected by the great Marcellin Boule. Boule proved by measurements that Neanderthal Man had a bigger brain capacity than modern man. Then, evidence was found that he believed in the supernatural. Douglas Dewar tells us that Neanderthal Man buried his dead with ceremony and that he was a skilled craftsman. Also, there was evidence indicating that Neanderthal Man had inter-married with modern-type man. And Fontechevade fossils proved Neanderthal Man and modern-type man were contemporary.
To cap it all, in 1929, Professor Sergi proved that Neanderthal Man walked perfectly upright; as upright as any of us today. He could have stood to attention for any prehistoric sergeant. Pictures and statues representing Neanderthal as a shambling brute are the artist's own work. The artist can do anything. He can make Neanderthal look like a brute or a philosopher; it all depends on the artists. Neanderthal Man was a hunter and a nomad who used caves.
Piltdown Man
Piltdown man of England: for forty years he fooled the world and helped to scuttle Adam and Eve.
The principal characters in this drama were Charles Dawson, who found the first part of the skull, Sir Arthur Smith Woodward of the British Museum, and a student priest, Father Teilhard de Chardin. In December 1912, Dawson and Woodward told a distinguished audience that during four years of work they had found strange fossils at Piltdown. These baing the upper part of a skull which was human and, nearby, a broken lower jawbone which was quite ape-like except that the teeth had worn down the way human teeth wear down, not as an ape's teeth would wear. A tooth was missing, an important canine tooth was missing. If that missing canine tooth could be found, and if it were worn down like molars, then the ape-man's case would be strengthened.
The tooth was found eight months later, August 29, 1913.
Teilhard de Chardin had returned to France. Next day, Dawson, Woodward and Teilhard went down to the Piltdown site to sieve the gravel. After a time, Teilhard called out that he had found the missing tooth. The tooth fitted the jaw and Mr. Piltdown was established. Some scientists however, could not accept that the ape's jaw belonged with the human skull, and these included leading anthropologist, Marcellin Boule.
However, in 1915, Dawson reported that, in another field two miles from Piltdown, he found two small pieces of skull and molar tooth similar to the Piltdown fossils. That did it. An ape-like jaw and a human cranium at Piltdown; and a similar find at a site two miles distant. This went beyond coincidence. The ape-man must be genuine. Even Boule softened a little. Piltdown man was established; the earliest Englishman, half-a-million years old.
He reigned for forty years. Then some skeptics insisted that he be retested. He survived the first test. But his age was dropped from 500,000 years to 50,000 years. The critics forced further tests. And now it was a disgrace. The skull was that of a modern man, a completely modern man. The jawbone was from an ape that had only recently died. Now, too, they saw the teeth had been filed to make them look human. The marks of an abrasive were discovered. Now they say the jawbone and the teeth had been stained by chemicals to make them look like ancient specimens. Now they saw the crudeness of the fake. Why had they not seen it before? And the skull, dated by experts first at 500,000 years and then at 50,000 years, then a few thousand years, now it is 500 years old!!
Who perpetrated the fraud? Woodward seems victim rather than culprit. Dawson, the non-scientist, was the obvious target: and the official verdict pinned the guilt on Dawson (already deceased). But that did not stop the speculation. In 1978, it was announced that a tape recording by Professor James Douglas (who had recently died at the age of 93) states that Professor William Sollas was the hoaxer. However,Dr. Halstead, who has the tape recording, has written to The Times and has stated that several British Museum authorities of the time were involved. In a radio interview, Dr. Halstead mentioned that it is fairly certain that the fake jaw came from some unregistered orangutan bones in the British Museum.
Since the bubble burst, Piltdown has been a prolific source of "whodunit" writings, and the weight of them is bearing down on Teilhard de Chardin as the mastermind in the hoax. Two of the latest writings are representative.
In a recent article, "The Piltdown Conspiracy", in Natural History Magazine Prominent evolutionist, Stephen Jay Gould, writes: "I have also remarked, both with amusement and wonder, that very few believed the official tale of Dawson acting alone... several of the men I most admire suspected Teilhard..."
Then Gould proceeds to sift the clues and makes a strong case that Teilhard acted with Dawson and, possibly, with some young subordinates of the British Museum involved. Dawson died and events happened which caused Teilhard to remain silent instead of revealing the joke. Jobs and careers would have been harmed, including Teilhard's own unexpected new career.
Gould asks: "Shall we then blame Teilhard or shall we forgive him? We cannot simply laugh and forget. Piltdown absorbed the professional attention of many fine scientists. It led millions of people astray for forty years. It cast a false light on the basic process of human evolution. Careers are too short and time too precious to view such waste with equanimity."
Gould charitable excuses Teilhard on the grounds that he acted as a joker, free of malice and not seeking reward. But the joke went sour. Gould thinks Teilhard "suffered for Piltdown throughout his life". he thinks Teilhard "must have cried inwardly as he watched Smith Woodward and even Boule himself make fools of themselves, the very men who had befriended him and taught him."
Piltdown is treated in books by evolutionists and by anti-evolutionists. Among the latter, Malcolm Bowden's Ape-men: Fact or Fallacy? (1977) devotees a large section to probing the Piltdown case, with threads leading to Teilhard. Bowden makes the predication: "It is with considerable hesitation that I state the case against a man who has achieved such world-wide fame and is venerated by many". But he makes his "Final Conclusion: As it is over sixty years since the Piltdown excavations took place, it would be extremely difficult to say with absolute certainty the true identity of the hoaxer. It is submitted, however, that until further facts become available, the evidence given in this section points to the instigator of the fraud being Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, S.J."
Later in his book, Bowden has something to say about Teilhard's implication in the Peking Man affair in China, and in other evolution operations.
Tracking down the Mastermind of Piltdown is an interesting Exercise, but I suggest that many leading scientists of the day were also culprits. They allowed a detectable forgery to be foisted on the world, spreading the creed of evolution for forty years.
Australopithecines
Now we move on to the heavyweights from Africa, from Java and from China. From Africa come the Australopithecines. In 1924, Dr. Raymond Dart found his famous Taung skull in a rock quarry of South Africa. Later on, Robert Broom and J. T. Robinson found other fragments, which they regarded as the remains of hominids.
Australopithecines are pictured as large-jawed, small-brained, standing about four feet tall and walking in approximately human fashion, not yet men, but a pre-human phase of hominid evolution. To the public it all sounds scientifically definite. The public would be surprised to know how little fossil evidence there really is and surprised to know how scientists sometimes allocate the bones the way they have preconceived them to be, according to the theory of evolution.
In 1954, Sir Solly Zuckerman spoke out. He had made a detailed study, bone by bone, and he gave his verdict on the basis of brain-capacity, jaws, teeth and the point of balance of the skull on the spine. Lord Zuckerman's verdict was that these animal bones gave no evidence of something evolving into a human. In scientific stature, Lord Zuckerman would over-shadow the others and he evidenced no bias. He has had a brilliant career leading to his appointment as Chief Scientific Advisor to Her Majesty's Government, and then, in 1971, to his elevation to the Peerage as Lord Zuckerman. His verdict should have carried great weight.
His verdict was fatal to Australopithecus, so it was scarcely heard. In 1974, Dr. Charles Oxnard of Chicago University, performed a multi variate computer analysis of Australopithecine bones. In 1975, he announced that "Australopithecus was uniquely different from both man and modern ape. If anything, it tended toward orangutan."
As we shall see, discoveries since 1972 have pushed the Australopithecines into a dead end. They are now generally regarded as not ancestral to man.
Java Man
We move on to Homo Erectus, a classification which includes Java Man and Peking Man. Firstly, we look at Java Man. In 1891, Dr. Eugene Dubois of Holland gave up his career and went to Java to search for the missing link. Later he presented to the world his Pithecanthropus Erectus, or Java Man. Java became a hero, talked about in the same way as were Pitt and Napoleon. Popular histories published detailed portraits of him. G. K. Chesterton commented that no uninformed person looking at his carefully lined face would imagine that this was the portrait of a thigh-bone, a few teeth, and a fragment of cranium.
How did it happen? In 1895, when Dubois returned to Europe, he showed to an International Congress of zoologists what he had found in a river-bed in Java; a skull cap and a tooth which both appeared to belong to an ape. He also showed something that had been found a year later and about fifty feet distant, namely, a thigh bone that seemed human.
Now, if you or I found an ape's skull cap in one place, and, a year later, we found a human leg bone in another place fifty feet distant, I don't think we'd get excited and say they belonged together: "Look! We've found an ape-man!" However, Dubois said they belonged together and scientists let him say so, because it was believed that man had only recently migrated to Java. So, assuming there had been no humans in Java, they allowed the ape's skullcap to belong to the human thigh bone, and there was the "missing link" which they wanted to find.
However, Dr. Dubois had not told the whole truth. He had not told the most important part of the story. He did not tell that he had also found two human skulls in the same stratum as the skullcap. To have told this would have spoiled his case because those skulls, the Wadjak skulls, as they are called, showed that real human beings did live in Java at the same time as the supposed ape-men. And that would have meant that there was no need to link the thigh bone with this skull-cap fifty feet distant. And that would have meant that the evidence of the alleged ape-man vanished. For something like thirty years, Dubois kept the human skulls secret and hidden. This was inexcusable. It caused the great biologist W. R. Thompson to say that the success of Darwinism was accompanied by a decline in scientific integrity.
About 1921, certain events persuaded Dubois to reveal the human (Wadjak) skulls. But, by then it was too late. Java Man was established and had done his damage. But you should be told that the leading authority on fossils, Marcellin Boule, rejected Java Man. He said it was a gibbon. Even more significantly, Dr. Dubois, himself renounced his own Java Man in 1938.
In addition to the exploits of Dubois, there were two later expeditions to Java. The Selenka expedition, 1907-1908, was conducted with strict scientific discipline. It excavated more than 10,000 cubic meters of earth, to a depth of 12 meters at the site of the Dubois finds. It collected 43 large boxes of fossil bones. It reported that volcanoes on the island would quickly fossilize bones, which mean that fossils were not necessarily old. It remarked that violent floods would confuse the geologic strata. It found evidence indicating human existence in the same stratum as the supposed ape-man. It found no evidence supporting Dubois' ape-man.
The Selenka findings were a setback to the "missing link". Then in 1920, Dubois revealed that he had kept hidden the vital Wadjak skulls, human skulls, which nullified the linking of the skullcap with the thigh bone. The ape-man was unstuck unless something was done.
So began the third expedition, in 1931, G. H. R. von Koenigswald was sent to search the area. He found a number of human skulls, but no "missing links." Because of the financial Depression, Von Koenigswald lost his job with the Geologic Survey. In 1936, through Teilhard de Chardin's influence, he was made a Research Associate by the Carnegie Foundation in America, and was granted considerable funds to search for fossil man.
Malcolm Bowden's book (p. 140) tells us:
"Teilhard's international contacts were growing and they became very so extensive.
Cuenot says: 'One has the impression of a vast web, of which Teilhard held, in parts, the threads, where he served as liaison agent. Or better still, as chief of staff, able, like a magician, to make American money flow, or at least to channel it for the greatest good of Palaeontology'."
Thus von Koenigswald was returned to the quest. By 1938, he had found fragments of jawbones, some teeth, fragments of skulls and a skull cap. From these he produced Pithecanthropus II, III, and IV. What was their true scientific worth? Dr. Duane Gish, (in his book "Evolution: The Fossils Say No" refers us to Boule and Vallois (in their "Fossil Men, 1957, pages 118 - 122). They judged that these skulls had the same general characteristics as that of which Dubois had made his Java Man; and they regarded the Java Man skull cap as "very similar to those of chimpanzees and gibbons".
By this time, Dubois was repudiating his own Java Man. He declared that, after long study, he was of the opinion that, "we are here concerned with a gigantic gibbon". Ironically, now that he was trying to make amends, he was dismissed as unreliable. He was not allowed to kill off his own Java Man, which was now enshrined (together with the Peking Man) as Homo Erectus, the beginning of man.
"Ape men" are hatched in the shadows, shielded from the light of truth. Official publications veil the scandals. Textbooks omit the real evidence. They are still solemnly teaching that the ape's skullcap and the human thigh-bone belong together. Historian, Francis Vere, lamented: "we are entitled to all the evidence ... If the evidence is kept from you, how are you going to find the explanation?"
Conclusion
So ape-men come and ape-men go and nothing lasts for long.
In New Scientist, (March 26, 1981, p. 805) science writer, John Reader, points out that not many (if any) fossil hominids have held the stage for very long. He says: "By now laymen could be forgiven for regarding each new arrival as no less ephemeral than the whether forecast."
He also tells us something that is not well known (p. 802). Fossils are mostly so fragmentary as to admit several interpretations; and "the entire hominid collection known today would barely cover a billiard table."
On those few meaningless fragments of bone a small group of fossil hunters, aided by the mass media, has persuaded the world that brutes turned into Man.
In all the confusion we would do well listen to Lord Zuckerman who was chief scientific advisor to the British Government. He and his team spent many years investigating the hominid fossils by strict scientific methods. In his book, "Beyond the Ivory Tower" (p. 75-94), he indicates that he can see no real science in the search for man's fossil ancestry, and no fossil evidence of man's evolution from some lower creature.
So, what is the Truth about evolution?
First of all, today we can say that we are living in the triumph of evolutionism. Evolution sits in the temple of God and is worshipped AS God. It is given the attributes we have always given to God: Omnipotence and Omnipresence
OMNIPOTENCE: Because it is believed to be the creating and driving force of everything in the universe without exception.
OMNIPRESENCE: Because it pervades everything and is found everywhere ... it's in the media, in education, in politics and in the Church.
What most people don't seem to realise is that evolution is not a science. It is only an unproven theory, a theory that is finally being emphatically rejected by a rising tide of honest scientists. In Truth, the evidence against evolution is so overwhelming that it actually makes more sense to believe in unicorns or the existence of the Loch Ness monster than it does to believe in evolution.
Micro/Macro
Firstly, it is important to make the simple but crucial distinction between Micro-evolution and Macro-evolution.
MICRO-evolution is a fact of science. It concerns relatively minor changes that take place within a plant or animal form, but do not change the plant or animal into anything else. The peppered moth of England is an example of micro-evolution. This little English moth was observed becoming increasingly darker as trees were darkened by soot during the Industrial Revolution. But throughout this change, the moth was still a moth. It was not on its way to becoming an iguana.
MACRO-evolution is something quite different. It is the teaching that one kind evolves into another. This has never been proven by science. But one of the key tactics used by evolutionists to supposedly "prove" their case is to point to an example of MICRO-evolution (the changes in the peppered moth) and claim this as proof of MACRO-evolution. This sort of cheap trickery shows how desperate evolutionists are to prove their false theory.
From Whence Comes the Ape?
Most people think that evolution is simply the teaching that man came from apes, but it actually goes much deeper. Because man came from apes, the next question is:
Where did the ape come from? "From the lower mammals"
Where did the lower mammals come from? "From the lizards and the reptiles"
Where did the Lizards and the Reptiles come from? "From the fish"
Where did the fish come from? "From clusters of living cells that had grouped themselves into colonies"
Where did they come from? "Well, they came from one single cell."
And where did that come from?
And here's the real crunch! The evolutionists teach that this one cell just came by accident, by chance, from a lucky mixture of gases and molecules and energy in a kind of primordial soup, in other words, from non-living matter.
The key teaching of evolution, therefore, is that life comes from non-living matter.
The Fossils say "No"
If this evolutionary process were true, and one species evolves into another over billions of years, there should be an abundance of evidence for it in the fossil record. We should be able to follow the fossil record of evolution like footprints or train-tracks straight back to our origins. Our Museums should be filled with thousands of these intermediate life forms, yet there are none.
To the contrary, all life forms appear in the fossil record suddenly, that is, with no connection to each other. It is also worth noting that man looks essentially the same as the first time we see him. This is despite artist's conceptions of the mythical ape-man, which never existed. Detailed drawings of the missing link or "ape-man" are pure fantasy. Every so-called missing link (Java-man, Piltdown-man, Peking-man, the so-called homo-erectus) have been proven to be either all ape or in the case of the "Neanderthal", all man! There never has been found and there never will be found anything that is more than ape and less than man.
Science Rejects Gradualism
A piece of news that didn't get much press, is that in 1980, Darwin's "Gradualism", (which had species evolving one into another over "billions" of years) was actually rejected by a conference of top evolutionists meeting in Chicago. This was because of the obvious (and embarrassing) lack of evidence in the fossil record.
Yet despite this, evolution has not been rejected. These scientists have replaced Darwinism with an more groundless, bizarre theory called "punctuated equilibrium." But the only thing impressive about punctuated equilibrium is its name. This new theory says that evolutionary changes happened so fast that they didn't leave any fossils. In other words, this theory teaches that a reptile laid and egg and a bird popped out. This ridiculous fairy tale hypothesis is the present state of evolution science. Darwinism is dead, and this "chickens from lizards" theory is the best they can come up with.
Why, then, are our noble professors choosing to sound more like Dr. Seuss than doctors of science? Why do they refuse to reject evolution outright? Dr. D. N. S. Watson, who echoes the sentiments of many evolutionists gave the real answer. He bluntly admitted "The theory of evolution is universally accepted not because it can be proven true, but because the only alternative is special creation (by God) which is clearly incredible."
No Scientific Evidence
In 1985, a book was written called "Evolution, A Theory in Crisis", by the Australian scientist Michael Denton. This book proves that Darwin's theory of evolution has not been validated by one single empirical discovery of science since the first publication of Origin of Species in 1859. What makes this book of immeasurable importance is that the author is not a believer. He never tells us where we came from, he only knows it was not through evolution.
The Big Bang
The unproven "Big Bang" theory is propagated in our day primarily in order to provide the billions of years that evolution would have needed in order to take place.
What, then, do we know about the age of the earth? Not as much as we have been led to believe. One of the best kept secrets of our day is that many of our dating methods such as Carbon 14 and Radioactive Dating, have been proven to be unreliable, because of the many variables that will have an effect on the final outcome.
To take a few examples:
Science Magazine revealed that some snail shells, though still alive when tested by Carbon 14 methods were dated to be 26,000 years old.
The geographic periodical Antarctic recently reported that a newly killed seal when tested by Carbon 14 methods were dated to be dead for 1,300 years!
In the same sea near Hawaii, rocks were formed by a volcano only 200 years ago. They were dated by Potassium-Argon method to up to 22 million years old. Other rocks near Hualalei (Hawaii) are known to have formed by a volcanic action in 1801. Potassium-Argon dated these young rocks at 160 million to 3 million years of age.
Also, there are some methods of dating that show the world to be not billions of years old, but surprisingly young. In his book "In the Beginning" Dr. Walter T. Brown, Jr. from M.I.T. cites 28 dating methods that point to a young earth and universe
Genetics and Fruit Flies
We've been told the science of genetics proves evolution. This is another fallacy. Genetics disprove evolution on every count. If evolution were true, then species must produce new genes for the new creatures. But geneticists tell us that this never happens. No new genes are ever created. In breeding, (that is micro-evolution) the opposite occurs. Genes are lost in micro-evolution, not created. Also, genes and DNA act like a kind of computer program each performing the right task at the right time. If there is some type of mutation, it is usually harmful, often fatal. It has also been found that what science used to regard as a "simple cell" is anything but simple. It is reported that the genetic data contained in each one of our cells has enough information to fill a library of 4,000 volumes. Each cell! Yet, we are expected to believe that this magnificent and intricate design had no intelligent designer.
Evolution: Critical for the Atheist Agenda
Why is evolution kept alive? Why are we not told that Darwinism is dead? Why is it that there is devastating evidence against the theory of evolution? Because if evolution is taken away, practically every major world-view of our modern day will have nothing to support it and will come crashing to the ground. Modernism. Communism. Secular Humanism. Eugenics. The New Age Movement and even the atheistic United Nations, are all based upon the theory of evolution and could not survive without it. Take evolution away and it would destroy the entire godless superstructure of our modern world in which all these erroneous ideas and institutions reign supreme. So we go on regardless, wanting to believe what is essentially a lie - until such time as the answer is handed to us on a plate.
Millions of Years Preambrian Time Archean Era 4600-2500 Proterozoic Era 2500-570 Phanerozoic Time Paleozoic Era Cambrian Period 570-505 Ordovician Period 505-438 Silurian Period 438-408 Devonian Period 408-360 Carboniferous Period 360-286 Permian Period 286-245 Mesozoic Era Triassic Period 245-208 Jurassic Period 208-144 Cretaceous Period 144-66.4 Cenozoic Era Tertiary Period Paleocene Epoch 66.4-57.8 Eocene Epoch 57.8-38.6 Oligocene Epoch 38.6-23.7 Miocene Epoch 23.7-5.3 Pliocene Epoch 5.3-1.6 Quarternary Period Pleistocene Epoch 1.6-0.01 Holocene Epoch 0.01-0